(April 11) Jyotiba Phule Biography (Social Reformer)@2022

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జ్యోతిభా ఫూలే బయోగ్రఫీ 
(సోషల్ రిఫార్మర్ )

జ్యోతిబా ఫూలే, జ్యోతిరావు గోవిందరావు ఫూలే, మహాత్మా ఫూలే అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు

జ్యోతిరావ్ ఫూలే (జననం ఏప్రిల్ 11, 1827, బొంబాయి ప్రెసిడెన్సీ [ప్రస్తుతం మహారాష్ట్ర], భారతదేశం-నవంబర్ 28, 1890, పూణేలో మరణించారు) భారతీయ సంఘ సంస్కర్త, రచయిత మరియు పేద కార్మికులు మరియు మహిళలతో సహా ప్రజలందరికీ సమానత్వం కోసం పోరాడారు. అతను హిందూ కుల వ్యవస్థపై బలమైన విమర్శకుడు , దీని ద్వారా ప్రజలు విభిన్నంగా మరియు వారు జన్మించిన సామాజిక సమూహం ప్రకారం ర్యాంక్ చేయబడతారు .

శూద్రులు (హస్తకళాకారులు మరియు కార్మికులు) మరియు నేడు షెడ్యూల్డ్ కులాలు లేదా దళితులు అని పిలువబడే సమూహాలతో సహా కుల వ్యవస్థలో అట్టడుగున ఉన్నవారు అనుభవిస్తున్న వివక్షను ఫూలే విచారించారు . భారతదేశంలో అగ్రవర్ణ బ్రాహ్మణులకు ఎవరూ లోబడి ఉండని కొత్త సామాజిక క్రమాన్ని సృష్టించాలని పిలుపునిచ్చిన ఉద్యమానికి ఆయన నాయకత్వం వహించారు . ఫూలే మహిళల హక్కుల కోసం కూడా పోరాడారు . సామాజిక మార్పు తీసుకురావడానికి విద్య అవసరమని నమ్మి , అతను బాలికల కోసం మరియు అట్టడుగు కులాల పిల్లల కోసం పాఠశాలలను స్థాపించాడు.

జీవితం తొలి దశలో

జ్యోతిరావు గోవిందరావు ఫూలే ఇప్పుడు పశ్చిమ మహారాష్ట్ర రాష్ట్రంలో జన్మించారు, అయితే ఖచ్చితమైన ప్రదేశం ఖచ్చితంగా తెలియదు: ఇది పూణేలో లేదా సమీపంలో లేదా సమీపంలోని సతారా జిల్లాలో ఉంది. అతని పేరు తరచుగా లాటిన్ లిపిలో వివిధ రూపాల్లో అన్వయించబడుతుంది: జ్యోతిభా ఫూలే, జోతిబా ఫూలే, జ్యోతిరావ్ ఫూలే, జోతీరావ్ ఫూలే; గోవిందరావును కొన్నిసార్లు గోవింద్‌గా కూడా అన్వయిస్తారు. అతని కుటుంబం పండ్లు మరియు కూరగాయల రైతులుగా పనిచేసింది. వారు శూద్ర సామాజిక తరగతిలోని మాలి కులానికి చెందినవారు , ఇది భారతదేశ సాంప్రదాయ సామాజిక తరగతులలో అత్యల్పమైనది.

ఫూలే చిన్నతనంలో ప్రతిభావంతుడైన విద్యార్థి, కానీ మాలీ పిల్లలు ఉన్నత విద్యను అభ్యసించడం అసాధారణం . మాలి కుటుంబాలకు చెందిన చాలా మంది పిల్లల్లాగే, అతను చిన్న వయస్సులోనే తన చదువును ఆపివేసి కుటుంబం యొక్క పొలంలో పనిచేయడం ప్రారంభించాడు. ఫూలే యొక్క పొరుగువారిలో ఒకరు తన కొడుకును పాఠశాలకు పంపమని అతని తండ్రిని ఒప్పించారు. 1840వ దశకంలో పూలే పూణేలో స్కాటిష్ క్రిస్టియన్ మిషనరీలు నిర్వహించే మాధ్యమిక పాఠశాలలో చదివాడు. థామస్ పైన్ మరియు అతని రైట్స్ ఆఫ్ మ్యాన్ (1791) గురించి తెలుసుకున్న ఫులే చారిత్రక ఉద్యమాలు మరియు ఆలోచనాపరులచే ప్రేరణ పొందాడు . అతను స్వాతంత్ర్యం కోసం మరియు అమెరికాలో బానిసత్వానికి వ్యతిరేకంగా జరిగిన ఉద్యమాలతో పాటు బుద్ధుడు మరియు ఆధ్యాత్మికవేత్త మరియు కవి కబీర్ యొక్క రచనలు మరియు బోధనల ద్వారా కూడా ప్రేరణ పొందాడు .

విద్య ద్వారా సమానత్వం

1848లో అగ్రవర్ణ బ్రాహ్మణ కుటుంబానికి చెందిన స్నేహితుని వివాహానికి హాజరయ్యేందుకు ఫూలేను ఆహ్వానించారు. పెళ్లికొడుకు బంధువులు ఫూలేను అతని నిమ్న-కుల నేపథ్యం కోసం వెక్కిరించినట్లు నివేదించబడింది, అతనిని వేడుక నుండి నిష్క్రమించమని ప్రేరేపించింది. ఈ సంఘటన కుల వ్యవస్థ యొక్క అన్యాయాలకు తన కళ్ళు తెరవడానికి సహాయపడిందని చెప్పబడింది, ఇది విదేశీ శక్తుల ద్వారా భారతదేశానికి పరిచయం చేయబడిన పరాయి వ్యవస్థ అని అతను వాదించాడు. అతను 1848లో పూణేలో నిమ్న కులాల బాలికల కోసం ఒక మార్గదర్శక పాఠశాలను ప్రారంభించాడు, ఆ సమయంలో భారతదేశంలో ఏ బాలికలు విద్యను పొందడం చాలా అరుదు. అతను తన భార్య సావిత్రీబాయి ఫూలేను ఇంట్లో చదివించాడు మరియు ఆమె బాలికల పాఠశాల ఉపాధ్యాయురాలిగా మారింది. తరువాతి కొన్ని సంవత్సరాలలో, ఫూలేలు బాలికల కోసం మరిన్ని పాఠశాలలను మరియు అట్టడుగు కులాల వారికి ముఖ్యంగా మహర్‌లు మరియు మాంగ్‌ల కోసం ఒక పాఠశాలను ప్రారంభించారు. ఫూల్స్ యొక్క పని సనాతన బ్రాహ్మణుల నుండి గణనీయమైన శత్రుత్వాన్ని ఎదుర్కొంది, వారు సామాజిక స్థితిని అంతరాయం కలిగించారని ఆరోపించారు . అయినప్పటికీ, ఫూలే మరియు అతని భార్య సామాజిక ఆర్థిక మరియు లింగ సమానత్వం కోసం తమ పనిని కొనసాగించారు .

ఫూలే బాల్య వివాహాన్ని వ్యతిరేకించాడు మరియు వితంతువులకు పునర్వివాహం చేసుకునే హక్కును సమర్థించాడు, ముఖ్యంగా అధిక-కుల హిందువులు దీనిని తిరస్కరించారు. అతను వితంతువులకు, ముఖ్యంగా బ్రాహ్మణులకు, గర్భం దాల్చిన వారి పిల్లల కోసం ఒక అనాథాశ్రమాన్ని ప్రారంభించాడు. ఫూలే మరియు అతని భార్య తరువాత ఈ పిల్లలలో ఒకరిని దత్తత తీసుకున్నారు.

1873లో ఫూలే సాంఘిక సమానత్వాన్ని ప్రోత్సహించడానికి, శూద్రులను మరియు ఇతర అట్టడుగు వర్గాల ప్రజలను ఐక్యం చేయడానికి మరియు ఉద్ధరించడానికి మరియు కుల వ్యవస్థ కారణంగా ఏర్పడిన సామాజిక ఆర్థిక అసమానతలను తిప్పికొట్టడానికి సత్యశోధక్ సమాజ్ (“సత్యం అన్వేషకుల సంఘం”) అనే సంస్కరణ సమాజాన్ని స్థాపించారు. సమాజం విద్య యొక్క ప్రాముఖ్యతను కూడా నొక్కి చెప్పింది మరియు బ్రాహ్మణ పూజారులు లేకుండా వివాహాలు నిర్వహించమని ప్రజలను ప్రోత్సహించింది. సామాజిక వర్గానికి అతీతంగా ఎవరైనా సత్యశోధక్ సమాజ్‌లో చేరడాన్ని స్వాగతిస్తామని ఫూలే స్పష్టం చేశారు. బ్రాహ్మణ-ఆధిపత్య కుల వ్యవస్థలో అణచివేత అనుభవాన్ని పంచుకున్న వ్యక్తులను ఏకం చేయడం ఫూలే యొక్క ప్రాథమిక ఉద్దేశాలలో ఒకటి. సత్యశోధక్ సమాజ్ ప్రధానంగా బ్రాహ్మణేతర కులాలకు చెందిన వ్యక్తులను కలిగి ఉంది, అయితే సభ్యులు బ్రాహ్మణులతో పాటు వివిధ మత సంప్రదాయాలకు చెందిన వ్యక్తులను కలిగి ఉన్నారు. ఫూలే తన వ్యక్తిగత నీటిని ప్రజలందరికీ బాగా తెరిచాడు, ఇది అతని స్వాగతించే వైఖరిని సూచిస్తుంది మరియు అతను అన్ని సామాజిక తరగతుల ప్రజలను తన ఇంటికి ఆహ్వానించాడు.

తన ఆలోచనలను ప్రచారం చేయడానికి, ఫూలే పుస్తకాలు, వ్యాసాలు, కవితలు మరియు నాటకాలు రాశారు. అతని ప్రసిద్ధ రచన గులామగిరి ( బానిసత్వం ), 1873లో ప్రచురించబడింది. భారతదేశం యొక్క కుల వ్యవస్థపై దాడి, ఇది యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్‌లో బానిసలుగా ఉన్న వ్యక్తులతో అట్టడుగు కులాల సభ్యుల స్థానాన్ని పోలుస్తుంది .

మరణం మరియు వారసత్వం

1888లో ఫూలేకు మహాత్మా అనే బిరుదు ఇవ్వబడింది, దీని అర్థం సంస్కృతంలో "గొప్ప ఆత్మ". అదే సంవత్సరం అతను పక్షవాతంతో బాధపడ్డాడు. 1890లో పూణేలో మరణించాడు.

దళిత నాయకుడు భీమ్‌రావ్ రామ్‌జీ అంబేద్కర్‌తో సహా భారతదేశంలో కుల సంస్కరణల కోసం తరువాతి ఉద్యమాలకు ఫూలే యొక్క కృషి మరియు రచనలు స్ఫూర్తినిచ్చాయి మరియు భారతదేశంలోని కుల వ్యవస్థ యొక్క వివక్షత ప్రభావాలను తొలగించడానికి కొనసాగుతున్న ప్రయత్నాలు నేడు అతని వారసత్వాన్ని సూచిస్తున్నాయి.

Jyotiba Phule Biography
(Social Reformer)

In the 19th century India no one would have dreamt of educating their girls. But Mahatma Jyotiba Phule was a visionary much ahead of his times. A pioneer in the field of women’s education, he is the one who opened the first ever girls’ school in India. He was also much pained by the atrocities meted out on the people in the name of caste. Since he had been born into a so-called lower caste family, he had experienced the tortures and injustices rooting out of the caste system first hand. An intelligent and idealistic man, he refused to tolerate any unjustified behavior from others and set his mind on reforming the society for the better. He realized the importance of education; married at a young age, he began teaching his wife how to read and write. Fortunately, his wife Savitribai, was a like-minded soul who supported and helped her husband whole-heartedly in his social endeavors. Highly distressed by the malpractices prevalent due to the caste system, he formed the Satya Shodhak Samaj with the aim of protecting the so-called lower castes from exploitation and injustices. His unrelenting efforts to eradicate social inequalities earned him the title of “Father of Indian Social Revolution”.

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notes

Birthday: April 11, 1827 (Aries)

Born In: Satara, Maharashtra, India

Also Known As: Mahatma Jyotirao Phule

Died At Age: 63

Spouse/Ex-: Savitribai Phule

Father: Govindrao Phule

Mother: Chimana

Died On: November 28, 1890

Founder/Co-Founder: Satya Shodhak Samaj

Childhood & Early Life :

He was born as Jyotirao Phule in Satara district of Maharashtra. His father Govindrao worked as a vegetable vendor and his family belonged to the “Mali” caste, considered inferior to the Brahmins. His mother’s name was Chimana and he had one brother.

His mother died when Jyotiba was just nine months old. Heart-broken, his father refused to remarry and appointed a nurse to look after his two boys. Fortunately, the nurse was a kind lady and took good care of the children.

He attended primary school but left his studies to work in the farms. However, his neighbors who recognized the child’s intelligence convinced his father to let him continue his education.

His father arranged his marriage when he was around 13 years of age as was the custom during those days.

Jyotiba went to the local Scottish Mission’s High School and passed out in 1847. While in school he read the biographies of Shivaji and George Washington which inspired him. He was also greatly influenced by Thomas Paine’s ‘Rights of Man’.

Once he went to attend the wedding of a Brahmin friend where he was insulted as he belonged to a so-called lower caste. This incident made him realize the absurdity of the caste system and he resolved to fight inequality.

He was distressed by the inequalities and injustices prevalent in the Indian society and decided to fight for the right to equality for all irrespective of religion, caste or gender.

Later Years :

Jyotiba realized the importance of education and felt that the society can emerge out of darkness only when every individual has access to education. He began educating his wife at home. Fortunately, his wife shared his idealistic beliefs.

In 1848, he gave a concrete shape to his aspirations and opened the first ever school for girls. He asked his wife to teach the girls for which she gladly agreed. But the society was not ready to accept this and Jyotiba and his wife were made to leave their house.

The school was open to girls from all sections of the society. Girls from different religions, castes, and socio-economic background would come to study. However, the school was temporarily closed due to shortage of funds.

Even though his social endeavors made him unpopular among the conservative Brahmins, there were several Brahmins, Christians and Muslims who were impressed by his efforts to eradicate inequality and supported him wholeheartedly.

In 1851, he started a bigger girls’ school where he also taught. The girls were taught reading, mathematics, geography, history, etc. The growing popularity of the school motivated him to open more such schools.

A visionary much ahead of his time, he was against child-marriage and supported widow remarriage. These initiatives did not go too well with the orthodox community.

He was very saddened by the plight of widows, especially the treatment meted out to widows who unfortunately became pregnant after the death of their husbands due to exploitation by other men. He opened a home where such widows could safely give birth and care for the infants.

In order to oppose the practice of untouchability, Jyotiba and his wife let the so-called lower caste people openly into their house and let them draw water from their well. This angered people of his own caste, but he never bothered about what others thought.

He was also a poet and in his writings he would criticize the narrow-mindedness of the society and the cunningness of Brahmins who exploited the gullibility of the farmers and other classes.

In 1873, he established the ‘Satya Shodhak Samaj’ which was a group which aimed to liberate the so-called lower castes from exploitation. He wanted to create a society based on equality, unity and human values.

Major Works :

He was a pioneer in the field of women’s education. At a time when women were among the most downtrodden sections of the society, Jyotiba’s endeavor to educate them came as a shock to everyone. But he persisted and built many schools for girls from different backgrounds.

Personal Life & Legacy :

  • He was married as a young boy to Savitribai who was just nine years old. His wife fully supported his idealistic views and became a feminist and social activist in her own right.
  • The couple did not have any biological children. They adopted one of the infants, a boy, from the home they ran for pregnant widows. The boy grew up to be a doctor and carried forward his parents’ legacy of social service.
  • The great reformer from Mumbai, Rao Bahadur Vithalrao Krishnaji Vandekar gave Jyotirao Phule the title of “Mahatma” in May 1888 in recognition of his selfless services to humanity.
  • He suffered a paralytic stroke in July 1888. His health worsened over the next couple of years and he died in November 1890, surrounded by family and friends.

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